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‘Best hope yet’ of long-term resistance to powdery mildew

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Australian researchers have discovered a unique set of genes that will help breeders develop barley varieties with more stable resistance to powdery mildew.
Camera IconAustralian researchers have discovered a unique set of genes that will help breeders develop barley varieties with more stable resistance to powdery mildew. Credit: GRDC

Australian researchers have discovered their “best hope yet” of achieving long-term resistance to powdery mildew, a fungal leaf disease that decreases grain yield and quality in susceptible varieties after searching for resistance in more than 1000 exotic lines from Africa and Asia.

The set of unique and potentially durable resistance genes from exotic barley lines and landraces will be used to develop crops with more stable resistance to powdery mildew.

Discovered at the Centre for Crop and Disease Management — a Perth-based research centre with co-investment by the Grains Research and Development Corporation and Curtin University — the three adult resistance genes (RBgh1-3) share new mechanisms for fighting the barley powdery mildew pathogen.

CCDM senior research fellow Simon Ellwood said the barley research team had had noticed some barley lines were resistant to powdery mildew at adult stage but not as seedlings.

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“This led us to focus our research on adult barley plants, specifically in exotic lines and landraces that are not closely related to modern barley cultivars and which have a limited range of resistance genes to powdery mildew disease,” Dr Ellwood said.

“While these exotic and wild types of barley are not ideal as grain crops, their desirable traits can be bred into elite barley lines, including the new resistance genes we have identified.”

The team searched for resistance in more than 1000 exotic lines and wild relatives of barley from regions of the crop’s diversity in the horn of Africa, the Near East and Asia, accessed through the Australian Grains Genebank.

Centre for Crop and Disease Management director professor Mark Gibberd.
Camera IconCentre for Crop and Disease Management director professor Mark Gibberd. Credit: Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCentre for Crop and Disease Management

They carried out genetic mapping and multi-pathogen disease screening and discovered that not only were the exotic barley lines themselves diverse, so were their types of resistance.

Powdery mildew is a challenging disease for Australian barley growers, especially in high-rainfall and humid weather conditions favoured by the pathogen and can result in substantial losses in quality and yield.

The pathogen readily mutates to overcome conventional resistance genes, while chemical controls are similarly rendered ineffective.

CCDM Staff Curtin University
Camera IconCCDM Staff Curtin University

Fungicide resistance to triazole class (Group 3 Dimethylation Inhibitors – DMI fungicides) is now widespread in areas such as southern WA, where the disease has at times reached epidemic levels.

CCDM director professor Mark Gibberd said the discovery of the new sources of resistance was the result of strong investment in the CCDM by Australian grain producers through the GRDC and Curtin University, which enabled researchers to take a long-term approach to powdery mildew research.

“Until now, research to identify sources of durable genetic resistance to barley powdery mildew in Australia and overseas has mainly been done at seedling stage,” he said.

“With co-investment by the GRDC and Curtin University, our barley researchers were able to work on novel research with adult plants over a sustained period to identify the first set of durable resistance genes for the disease, which shows their commitment and support to our research is paying off.”

Dr Ellwood said the newly-discovered resistances’ “atypical nature” was useful to breeders.

“They share common features that suggest they operate by a different mechanism to conventional genes to resist powdery mildew, so integrating them into Australian barley cultivars should make for a strong defence that is difficult for the pathogen to overcome,” he said.

“They also appear to be broad-spectrum showing resistance to all powdery mildew pathotypes tested and they are each single genes which makes them easier for breeders to work with.”

Dr Ellwood said the new genes would allow breeders to reduce the reliance on mlo, a broad-spectrum resistance that is the only current alternative.

Adding to their uniqueness, no previous genes for resistance have been identified in regions of the genome where we found these genes.

The newfound resistances is not the first discovery by Dr Ellwood’s team.

In 2016, they discovered a mlo resistance mutation variant from an Ethiopian landrace that showed less necrotic spotting and loss of photosynthetic capacity, which was released to Australian barley breeders.

“Breeders now have a set of options they can use separately or together in various combinations to build strong, multi-mechanism resistances into our Australian barley cultivars,” Dr Ellwood said.

“Having the resistances effective in adult barley plants ensures they are effective when growers need them the most – in the later growth stages when yield is at stake.

“By providing breeders with the knowledge and tools to deliver stable resistance in barley cultivars, we are supporting the adoption of improved germplasm and helping Australian growers to cost-effectively manage powdery mildew disease.”

The research, just published in The Plant Genome, is available online at doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20129.

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